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ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE

There are arguments both for and against euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Some of the main arguments are outlined below. You should be aware that these arguments do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of NHS Choices or the Department of Health.
Arguments for euthanasia and assisted suicide

There are two main types of argument used to support the practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are the:

· ethical argument – that people should have freedom of choice, including the right to control their own body and life (as long as they do not abuse any other person’s rights), and that the state should not create laws that prevent people being able to choose when and how they die

· pragmatic argument – that euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia, is already a widespread practice (allegedly), just not one that people are willing to admit to, so it is better to regulate euthanasia properly

The pragmatic argument is discussed in more detail below.
Pragmatic argument

The pragmatic argument states that many of the practices used in end of life care are a type of euthanasia in all but name.

For example, there is the practice of making a ‘do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation' (DNACPR) order, where a person requests not to receive treatment if their heart stops beating or they stop breathing.

Critics have argued that DNACPR is a type of passive euthanasia because a person is denied treatment that could potentially save their life.

Another controversial practice is known as palliative sedation. This is where a person who is experiencing extreme suffering, for which there is no effective treatment, is put to sleep using sedative medication. For example, palliative sedation is often used to treat burns victims who are expected to die.

While palliative sedation is not directly carried out for the purpose of ending lives, many of the sedatives used carry a risk of shortening a person’s lifespan. Therefore, it could be argued that palliative sedation is a type of active euthanasia.

The pragmatic argument is that if euthanasia in these forms is being carried out anyway, society might as well legalise it and ensure that it is properly regulated.

It should be stressed that the above interpretations of DNACPR and palliative sedation are very controversial and are not accepted by most doctors, nurses and palliative care specialists.


Arguments against euthanasia and assisted suicide

There are four main types of argument used by people who are against euthanasia and assisted suicide. They are known as the:

· religious argument – that these practices can never be justified for religious reasons, for example many people believe that only God has the right to end a human life

· ‘slippery slope’ argument – this is based on the concern that legalising euthanasia could lead to significant unintended changes in our healthcare system and society at large that we would later come to regret

· medical ethics argument – that asking doctors, nurses or any other healthcare professional to carry out euthanasia or assist in a suicide would be a violation of fundamental medical ethics

· alternative argument – that there is no reason for a person to suffer either mentally or physically because effective end of life treatments are available; therefore, euthanasia is not a valid treatment option but represents a failure on the part of the doctor involved in a person’s care

These arguments are described in more detail below.
Religious argument

The most common religious argument is that human beings are the sacred creation of God, so human life is by extension sacred.

Only God should choose when a human life ends, so committing an act of euthanasia or assisting in suicide is acting against the will of God and is sinful.

This belief, or variations on it, is shared by members of the Christian, Jewish and Islamic faiths.

The issue is more complex in Hinduism and Buddhism. Scholars from both faiths have argued that euthanasia and assisted suicides are ethically acceptable acts in some circumstances, but these views do not have universal support among Hindus and Buddhists.
‘Slippery slope’ argument
The slippery slope argument is based on the idea that once a healthcare service, and by extension the government, starts killing its own citizens, a line is crossed that should never have been crossed and a dangerous precedent has been set.

The concern is that a society that allows voluntary euthanasia will gradually change its attitudes to include non-voluntary and then involuntary euthanasia.

Also, legalised voluntary euthanasia could eventually lead to a wide range of unforeseen consequences, such as those described below.

· Very ill people who need constant care or people with severe disabilities may feel pressured to request euthanasia so that they are not a burden to their family.

· Legalising euthanasia may discourage research into palliative treatments, and possibly prevent cures for people with terminal illnesses being found.

· Occasionally, doctors may be mistaken about a person’s diagnosis and outlook, and the person may choose euthanasia due to being wrongly told that they have a terminal condition.
Medical ethics argument

The medical ethics argument, which is similar to the ‘slippery slope’ argument, states that legalising euthanasia would violate one of the most important medical ethics, which, in the words of the International Code of Medical Ethics, is: ‘A doctor must always bear in mind the obligation of preserving human life from conception’.

Asking doctors to abandon their obligation to preserve human life could damage the doctor–patient relationship. Causing death on a regular basis could become a routine administrative task for doctors, leading to a lack of compassion when dealing with elderly, disabled or terminally ill people.

In turn, people with complex health needs or severe disabilities could become distrustful of their doctor’s efforts and intentions. They may think that their doctor would rather ‘kill them off’ than take responsibility for a complex and demanding case.
Alternative argument
The alternative argument is that advances in palliative care and mental health treatment mean there is no reason why any person should ever feel that they are suffering intolerably, whether it is physical or mental suffering or both.

According to this argument, if a person is given the right care, in the right environment, there should be no reason why they are unable to have a dignified and painless natural death.

Dr Jack Kevorkian: 1928-2011 (fill in the gaps exercise in the moodle)

INTERVIEW WITH JACK KEVORKIAN: I HAVE NO REGRETS BEING DR DEATH

THESE ARE THE INTERVIEWER'S QUESTIONS. WHAT ARE JACK'S ANSWERS?

What was life in prison like for you?

Would he help people to commit suicide, to end their lives now?

Have you changed your mind about assisted suicide?

If you had an opportunity to rewind the clock, would you have done anything differently?

Would you have helped people to die earlier?

So in terms of helping people to die, in terms of assisted suicide you have no regrets?

Let me ask you Dr Kevorkian about the Michael Jackson case. As you know , his doctor Conrad Murray is under investigation, potential manslaughter charges are what he could face because that’s alleged that he gave Michael Jackson a dose of Diprivan, otherwise known as Propofol that contributed to his death. Do you think that he should face charges for his role in the demise of Michael Jackson? 

So is it right for a doctor just to say it’s what the patient wants, this is what I’m going to give the patient?

EYE TO EYE ASSISTED SUICIDE (CBS NEWS)

WATCH THE VIDEO AND TRY TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

1. Terry Youk feels….................................
2. He thinks Jack ….............................................
3. He doesn’t think that the medical service Jack provided .......................….....................................................
4. According to him, Jack was the only person that  was willing to............... ......................................................................................................
5. Jack provided for people a ….............................................................
6. His brother didn’t want to be the …....................................................
7. He thinks that we need some ...........................................................
8. It becomes macabre when people have to ..........................................…....................................................................................................
9. They couldn’t be present when his brother died for ...............................…....................................
10. He thinks there should be a ..............................................................…................................................................. for people to have this option available for them.
11. He is very …........................ to Jack. He feels he was a .........................………………………....................................……
12. According to the lady the pro-movement is advocating  for .....................…….................................................................................................
13. She thinks the solution is to provide ..................................................…......, help …….........................................., provide ........................…....................................…  and not ……........................................
14. She’s worried that in the future not only will people who ask for it have suicide,  people who…..................................................................... to engage in suicide

FRENCH WOMAN'S DEATH REVIVES EUTHANASIA DEBATE

Imagine going from this to this. Nearly 8 years ago, 52-year-old Chantal Sebire was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer that hurled into her nasal cavity causing her nose to swell, one of her eyes to come out of its sockets and making her life a living nightmare.

"It is not only the face", she says, "some of my bones are eaten into. I don’t have any upper and lower jaws".

Wednesday, Sebire was found dead in her apartment in Eastern France . That was just two days after a French court rejected her plea for a lethal dose of barbiturates that could be administered in a doctor-assisted suicide. "We are sad", this neighbor says, "because she left without getting what she was asking for".

Sebire’s case captured the public’s attention when the French press published before-and-after pictures that brought her suffering into sharper focus.

Euthanasia is legal in some European countries, but not in France. Even so, the debate goes on. It’s not clear yet how she died, but she left behind three children ranging in age from 13 to 29.

Her lawyer says the illness left her blind with no sense of smell or taste and the neighbour says she didn’t want to live any more in the state she was in.

ASSISTED SUICIDE (EUTHANASIA)

Assisted suicide / Euthanasia (DEBATE)EUTHANASIA: PROS AND CONS
Woman with disfiguring cancer dies (ARTICLE)
Dr. Jack Kevorkian Dies at 83; A Doctor Who Helped End Lives (NEW YORK TIMES ARTICLE)

Dr. Jack Kevorkian's "60 Minutes" interview

Assisted suicide interview (script)

POWER POINT: FOR AND AGAINST EUTHANASIA